163 LDS sex abuse cases found
- Criminal case result: Plea deal
-
- David McConkie (1978 – ) was a Mormon bishop (approximately 2013-16), stake president (2016-21) and deputy district attorney in Colorado; paternal grandson of Mormon apostle Bruce R. McConkie; arrested in 2023 and charged with felony sexual assault on a child by someone in a position of trust; allegedly confessed child sexual assault to a Mormon church leader in 2008; in July 2025, sentenced to five years probation
- View report »
Crime: 2000s, 2010s,
- Places lived: Bolivia, Colorado, Utah, Virginia,
- Crime state: Colorado,
-
Was Bishop, Bishopric counselor, Missionary, Scout leader, Stake president, Youth leader,
Admitted guilt, Convicted, Plea deal, Pleaded guilty, Probation,
Alleged failure to report
-
- Calvin McGee (2002 – ) was an LDS missionary in Virginia in 2022; accused of soliciting sexually explicit pictures and video from a person he believed to be an 11-year-old girl, and inviting her to meet in person; arrested in Boise, Idaho in July 2023 and accused of rape of a minor; pleaded guilty to two charges related to child sexual abuse; sentenced in May 2024 to three to 25 years in prison
- View report »
Crime: 2020s,
- Places lived: Idaho, Virginia,
- Crime state: Idaho, Virginia,




-
- John Midgett (1962 – ) was a Mormon Sunday school teacher in the San Diego area, California; also was a Navy petty officer first class; accused of 43 felony counts of child molestation for allegedly sexually abusing eight girls, ages 5 to 10, in his Sunday school class; pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 30 years in prison; as of 2024, lives in Bountiful, Utah as a registered sex offender
- View report »
Crime: 1980s, 1990s,
- Places lived: California,
- Crime state: California,



-
- Sergey Millett was a Mormon church member in Utah; pleaded guilty in 2009 to child sexual abuse
- View report »
Crime: 2000s,
- Places lived: Utah,
- Crime state: Utah,



-
- Aaron Montoya (1972 – ) was a Mormon children's Primary teacher and law enforcement officer in Utah; found guilty in 2005 of sexually abusing children during LDS church meetings and at his home; later pleaded guilty in another case; in all, at least nine victims came forward; sentenced to prison in 2005; as of March 2025, is out of prison on parole and lives in Woods Cross, Utah as a registered sex offender
- View report »
Crime: 2000s,
- Places lived: Utah,
- Crime state: Utah,



-
- Luis Morales Silva (1987 – ) was an LDS church member in Lehi, Utah; in 2022, pleaded guilty to four counts of second-degree felony sex abuse of a child; sentenced to one to 15 years in prison
- View report »
Convicted: 2022,
Convicted, Plea deal, Pleaded guilty, Prison,
-
- Shawn Mortensen (1965 – ) was a former Mormon bishop and stake presidency member in Albuquerque, New Mexico; in February 2021, admitted to police that he had sexually abused an 11-year-old girl in January 2021; convicted of child sexual abuse; sentenced in 2022 to prison in New Mexico
- View report »
Crime: 2020s,
- Places lived: New Mexico, Provo (Utah), Utah, Utah County (Utah),
- Crime state: New Mexico,



-
- Erick Mosteller (1965 – ) was a Mormon church member and former youth leader in Utah; was caught downloading child sexual abuse material (CSAM); admitted to soliciting sex acts from trafficked women at Asian massage parlors; pleaded guilty in March 2023 to two second degree felony charges of child sexual exploitation; sentenced in August 2023 to 250 days in jail, with credit for 79 days served; placed on 4 years probation
- View report »
Crime: 2020s,
- Places lived: Utah,
- Crime state: Utah,



-
- Steven Murdock (1963 – ) was a Mormon stake high council member and former LDS bishop in Holladay, Salt Lake County, Utah; allegedly sexually harassed multiple women in his ward while he was their bishop (he was bishop from 2013 to 2017); in 2019, was caught taking photos of a young woman in a dressing room in Tennessee; pleaded guilty in November 2019; sentenced in 2019 to one year probation, 48 hours community service
- View report »
Crime: 2010s,
- Places lived: Salt Lake County (Utah), Tennessee, Utah,
- Crime state: Tennessee,




-
- Shane Murray (1982 – ) was an LDS church member in Salt Lake City, Utah; pleaded and convicted of 2 counts of FORCIBLE SEX ABUSE - 2nd Degree Felony the victim was 14 year old female
- View report »
Convicted, Plea deal, Pleaded guilty,
-
- Matthew Nash was a former Mormon missionary from Utah who served a mission in North Carolina in 1999; accused in 2001 of sexually molesting 11 girls while on his mission; pleaded guilty to charges of child sexual abuse
- View report »
Was Missionary,
Convicted, Plea deal, Pleaded guilty, Prison,
-
- Richard Nelson was an LDS church member in Colorado; pleaded guilty to child sexual abuse
- View report »
Crime: 1980s,
- Places lived: Colorado,
- Crime state: Colorado,


-
- Kim Nelson was a Mormon church member in St. George, Utah; pleaded guilty to charges of child sexual abuse and was sentenced to prison; LDS leaders allegedly knew about the abuse and failed to report to police
- View report »
Was Unknown position,
Convicted, Plea deal, Pleaded guilty, Prison, Unknown result,
Alleged failure to report
-
- Aaron Nelson (1976 – 2020) was a Mormon church member in Idaho Falls, Idaho; charged with 3 counts of Battery-Actual, Intentional and Unlawful Touching or Striking of Another Against their Will and 3 counts of Disturbing the Peace; accepted plea deal and found guilty of Disturbing the Peace; died 31 days after convicted
- View report »
Crime: 2010s,
- Places lived: Argentina, Idaho,
- Crime state: Idaho,



-
- Porter Nelson (1982 – ) was a Mormon church member and scout leader in Alaska; charged in 2009 with child sexual abuse; pleaded guilty to reduced charges and was sentenced in 2010 to jail or prison; as of 2025, lives in Marsing, Idaho as a registered sex offender
- View report »
Convicted: 2010,
Was Scout leader,
Convicted, Plea deal, Pleaded guilty, Prison, Registered sex offender, Unknown result,
-
- Rand Newby (1953 – ) was an LDS church member and scout leader in Washington, Oregon and San Francisco, California; had a career as a schoolteacher; charged in Oregon in 1986 with sexual abuse of two children; convicted of two counts, one class C felony and one class A misdemeanor; sentenced in 1987 to 5 years probation
- View report »
Crime: 1980s,
- Places lived: California, Oregon, Washington,
- Crime state: Oregon,


-
- Bryce Norton (1981 – ) was a Mormon church member in South Jordan, Utah; convicted of sexually abusing four young karate students
- View report »
Crime: 2010s,
- Places lived: Salt Lake County (Utah), Utah,
- Crime state: Utah,
- Crime county: UT - Salt Lake,


-
- Christopher Nuttall (1981 – ) was an LDS church member in Mesa, Arizona; arrested in an FBI sting operation; convicted in 2019 of LURE MINOR FOR SEX EXPLOIT and ATTEMPT TO COMMIT - SEXUAL CONDUCT WITH MINOR
- View report »
Crime: 2010s,
- Places lived: Arizona, Maricopa County (Arizona),
- Crime state: Arizona,
- Crime county: AZ - Maricopa,



-
- Scott Owen (1959 – ) was a Mormon bishop (twice), stake presidency counselor and therapist in Provo, Utah; called himself the "Porn King;" accused by 7 former patients of sexually abusing them during sessions, and by a cousin (alleged sex abuse in 1980s); an LDS bishop, a stake president (his business partner) and Utah DOPL all allegedly failed to report to police; arrested in Nov. 2023; sentenced in 2025 to prison
- View report »
Crime: 1980s,
- Places lived: Provo (Utah), Utah, Utah County (Utah),
- Crime state: Utah,
- Crime county: UT - Utah,
- Crime city: UT - Provo,




-
- Robert Paisola (1967 – ) was an LDS church member in Utah; accused of sexual abuse; convicted in 2008 and sentenced to 90 days in jail
- View report »
Crime: 2000s,
- Places lived: Salt Lake County (Utah), Utah,
- Crime state: Utah,
- Crime county: UT - Salt Lake,



-
- Steven Paris (1952 – ) was an LDS church member in Anaheim, California; accused in 1986 of sexual abuse of seven boys; pleaded guilty to abusing six of them; was scheduled to receive a 30-year sentence
- View report »
Crime: 1980s,
- Places lived: California,
- Crime state: California,



-
- Jeffery Parks was a Mormon church member in Tennessee; in 2003, pleaded guilty to two counts of sexual battery by an authority figure, two counts of incest, and two counts of statutory rape; sentenced to prison
- View report »
Crime: 2000s,
- Places lived: Tennessee,
- Crime state: Tennessee,



-
- Brian Peterson (1964 – ) was an LDS church member and scout leader in Orem, Utah; accused in 1988 of child sexual abuse; convicted and sentenced to prison in 1990
- View report »
Crime: 1980s,
- Places lived: Utah, Utah County (Utah),
- Crime state: Utah,
- Crime county: UT - Utah,




-
- David Phipps/Verity was an LDS church member and dentist in Sacramento, California; pleaded no contest in 1987 to two counts of misdemeanor sexual battery involving two of his patients; In 1994, also pleaded no contest to two counts of misdemeanor sexual battery; served time in jail and had dental license revoked
- View report »
Crime: 1980s, 1990s,
- Places lived: California,
- Crime state: California,


-
- Byron Poelman (1934 – 2014) was a bishop and stake president in Utah and partner in a law firm that represented the LDS church; arrested in 1994 for soliciting a prostitute; pleaded guilty to a class B misdemeanor charge of patronizing a prostitute
- View report »
Crime: 1990s,
- Places lived: Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County (Utah), Utah,
- Crime state: Utah,
- Crime county: UT - Salt Lake,
- Crime city: UT - Salt Lake City,



-
- Lloyd Pond (1945 – 2019) was a Mormon church spokesman and leader of an LDS church radio program in Utah; pleaded guilty in 1996 to one count of second-degree felony forcible sexual abuse; sentenced in 1997 to prison; died in 2019
- View report »
Crime: 1990s,
- Places lived: Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County (Utah), Utah,
- Crime state: Utah,
- Crime county: UT - Salt Lake,
- Crime city: UT - Salt Lake City,



-
- Michael Pratt was an LDS seminary principal in Utah; arrested in 2009; convicted and sentenced in 2010 for the sexual abuse of a 16-year-old seminary student
- View report »
Crime: 2000s,
- Places lived: Utah,
- Crime state: Utah,



-
- Kent Prestwich (1977 – ) was an LDS church member and nursery leader (Primary teacher/worker) in Lewiston, Utah; arrested in 2023 for allegedly downloading child sexual abuse material (CSAM) for 15 years "because it aroused him;" pleaded guilty to two 2nd degree felony counts of child sexual exploitation; January 2024: sentenced to two concurrent terms of one to 15 years in prison, with credit for 91 says served
- View report »
Convicted: 2023,
Was Nursery, Primary,
Convicted, Plea deal, Pleaded guilty, Prison,
-
- Jeff Ranstrom (1986 – ) was an LDS church member, elders quorum president and high school basketball coach in Idaho; accused in 2019 of sexually abusing a student; pleaded guilty to a felony charge of child sexual abuse; sentenced in 2020 to 4 to 15 years in prison; as of December 2023, was out on parole living in Eagle, Idaho as a registered sex offender
- View report »
Crime: 2010s,
- Places lived: Idaho,
- Crime state: Idaho,



-
- Kenneth Richens (1963 – ) was an LDS church member and chief information officer (CIO) of Central Valley Medical Center in Nephi, Utah; accused in 2023 of child sexual exploitation; pleaded guilty in February 2024 to two felony counts of sexual exploitation of a minor; in April 2024, sentenced to two consecutive terms of one to 15 years in prison
- View report »
Crime: 2020s,
- Places lived: Philippines, Utah,
- Crime state: Utah,



-
- Chad Robertson (1984 – ) was an LDS church member and high school assistant basketball coach in Parowan, Utah; accused in 2023 of unlawful sexual activity with a child; admitted to having sex with a 16-year-old boy on five separate occasions; in March 2024, pleaded guilty to two felonies; in June 2024, was sentenced to one year in the Iron County Jail, with credit for time served, and four years of probation
- View report »
Convicted, Jail, Plea deal, Pleaded guilty, Probation, Registered sex offender,
-
- Lance Rushton (1970 – ) was an LDS church member in Provo, Utah; accused of photo shopping faces of family members, ward church members of adults and children on to pornographic material and distributing them; convicted in 2007 and sentenced to three months in jail and three years of probation
- View report »
Crime: 2000s,
- Places lived: Provo (Utah), Utah, Utah County (Utah),
- Crime state: Utah,
- Crime city: UT - Provo,



-
- Dennis Schult (1935 – ) was a Mormon church member and scout leader in southern California; pleaded no contest to two counts of child molestation as part of a plea agreement wherein six other molestation charges were dropped; sentenced in 1991 to eight years in prison for sexually abusing two of his scouts for several years; as of 2024, registered sex offender living in Granada Hills, California
- View report »
Was Scout leader, Youth leader,
Convicted, No contest, Plea deal, Prison, Registered sex offender,
Alleged failure to report
-
- Wade Schvaneveldt (1971 – ) was an LDS church member and high school girl's basketball coach in or near Grace, Idaho; accused of raping a child numerous times over a period of several years, including at his home while his family was attending LDS church meetings; in April 2023, accepted a plea deal to two felony counts of rape; in June 2023, was sentenced to 8 to 18 years in prison
- View report »
Crime: 2010s, 2020s,
- Places lived: Idaho,
- Crime state: Idaho,



-
- Darran Scott (1964 – ) was a Mormon church member and filmmaker in Archies Creek, Victoria, Australia; pleaded guilty in 2017 to 16 charges related to the sexual abuse of 11 boys over a 25-year period; sentenced in 2017 to 10 years in prison
- View report »
Crime: 1990s, 2000s, 2010s,
- Places lived: Australia,
- Crime country: Australia,



-
- Carl Sepos (1945 – ) was an LDS temple worker and high priest in Payson, Utah; pleaded guilty in 2015 to sexually abusing an adult woman with Down syndrome and autism at a hotel swimming pool; he blamed his sex crime in part on an addiction to pornography; sentenced to 150 days in jail, 36 months of probation and 100 hours of community service
- View report »
Crime: 2010s,
- Places lived: Utah,
- Crime state: Utah,



-
- Stewart Singley (1937 – ) was an LDS church member in Ohio; convicted in 1975 of child molestation that occurred in 1974; in 1997, convicted and sentenced to one year in jail or prison; as of 2024, is a registered sex offender; lives in East Waterford, Pennsylvania
- View report »
Crime: 1970s, 1990s,
- Places lived: Ohio, Pennsylvania,
- Crime state: Ohio,


-
- Kent Staheli (1958 – ) was an LDS church member in California and Utah; served as first counselor in a Mormon bishopric; convicted in federal court in 2010 of charges related to child sex trafficking
- View report »
Crime: 2000s,
- Places lived: California, Utah,
- Crime state: Utah,



-
- Robert Stahn (1958 – ) was an LDS church member and therapist in Idaho Falls, Idaho; accused in April 2023 of sexual abuse; once served as clinical director of Operation Shield, counseling child sexual trauma survivors; pleaded guilty in October 2023 to felony sexual abuse or exploitation of a vulnerable adult
- View report »
Convicted: 2023,
Was Unknown position,
Convicted, Plea deal, Pleaded guilty, Unknown result,
-
- Jason Stark (1985 – ) was a former full-time Mormon missionary in Kentucky; accused of sexually abusing three people in 2005 while on his mission; a lawsuit was filed against the Mormon church; in 2025, sentenced to 30 years in prison in Idaho
- View report »
Crime: 2000s, 2010s,
- Places lived: Kentucky,
- Crime state: Kentucky,




-
- Derrick Starley was an LDS church member and full-time missionary in Chubbuck, Idaho; originally from Utah; perpetrated a sex crime while on his Mormon mission in October 2012; convicted in 2013 of felony injury to a child and sentenced to 10 days in jail
- View report »
Crime: 2010s,
- Places lived: Idaho, Utah,
- Crime state: Idaho,



-
- Bradley Stowell (1972 – ) was a Mormon church member and scout leader in Idaho; confessed to sexually abusing 24 boys; pleaded guilty to molesting two boys; sentenced in 1997 to 150 days in prison and 15 years of probation; local LDS church coverup alleged; one of Stowell's victims, Adam Steed, came forward, spurring lawsuits against the Mormon church and the BSA; as of 2024, lived in Herriman, Utah
- View report »
Crime: 1980s, 1990s, 2000s,
- Places lived: Idaho, Salt Lake County (Utah), Utah,
- Crime state: Idaho,





-
- Kevin Sykes (1967 – ) was an LDS church youth leader in Utah; arrested for possessing child pornography; later arrested for forcible sodomy, human trafficking, sexual abuse of a minor, child abuse and obstructing justice; pleaded guilty in February 2023 to four counts of felony child sexual abuse; in November 2023, was sentenced to 15 years to life in prison in Utah
- View report »
Crime: 2020s,
- Places lived: Utah, Utah County (Utah),
- Crime state: Utah,
- Crime county: UT - Utah,



-
- Todd Tanner (1970 – ) was a Mormon church member in the Cortez/Durango, Colorado area and St, George, Utah; co-founder of Utah-based dirty soda business Swig Drinks in approximately 2010; charged in 2010 in Colorado with crimes related to child sexual abuse; convicted in 2011 and sentenced to 48 months probation; allegedly was a Sunday School teacher in St. George, Utah after his conviction
- View report »
Crime: 2000s,
- Places lived: Colorado, Utah,
- Crime country: United States,
- Crime state: Colorado,
- Crime county: UT - Washington,



-
- Keele Taylor was a Mormon church member in Farmington, Utah; convicted of possession of child pornography (child sexual abuse material / CSAM); in July 2019, pleaded guilty to possession of CSAM; the distribution charge was dropped due to a plea agreement
- View report »
Crime: 1990s, 2000s, 2010s,
- Places lived: Utah,
- Crime state: Utah,




-
- George Tilson (1942 – 2020) was a Mormon church member in the Salt Lake City, Utah area (including Holladay); pleaded guilty to child sexual abuse in the 1990s; alleged coverup by Mormon leaders
- View report »
Crime: 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s,
- Places lived: Utah,
- Crime state: Utah,




-
- Mark Treter (1954 – ) was a Mormon church member and environmental lawyer in Greendale, Indiana; accused of sexual abuse; pleaded no contest to one felony count; sentenced in 2023 to probation; local LDS church leaders allegedly knew of Treter's criminal behavior but did not report to police
- View report »
Crime: 2000s, 2010s,
- Places lived: Indiana,
- Crime state: Indiana,




-
- Matthew Wallis (1984 – ) was a Mormon church member in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana and in Ogden, Utah; pleaded guilty to a charge related to child sexual abuse
- View report »
Crime: 1990s, 2000s,
- Places lived: Louisiana, Utah, Weber County (Utah),
- Crime state: Louisiana,




-
- Anthony Webster was an LDS church member and fitness center employee in Collierville, Tennessee; accused of sexually molesting three young girls; in 2013, pleaded guilty to four counts of aggravated sexual battery and was sentenced to 16 years in prison
- View report »
Convicted: 2013,
Was Unknown position,
Convicted, Plea deal, Pleaded guilty, Prison,
-
- Robert Westover (1972 – ) was a former LDS bishop and attorney in Dallas, Texas; arrested in 2021 for allegedly recording a minor; pleaded guilty in 2023 and sentenced to 4 years probation
- View report »
Convicted: 2023,
Was Bishop, Missionary,
Convicted, Plea deal, Pleaded guilty, Probation,
-
- Michael Whitehead (1964 – ) was an LDS church member in Orem, Utah; convicted in 2004 of ENTICING A MINOR OVER THE INTERNET - Class A Misdemeanor
- View report »
Crime: 2000s,
- Places lived: Utah, Utah County (Utah),
- Crime state: Utah,
- Crime county: UT - Utah,



-
- Dylan Whiting (1988 – ) was an LDS bishop in Nampa, Idaho; was removed from his position in 2021 after child sexual abuse allegations surfaced; was charged with four sex crimes; pleaded guilty to one felony count; sentenced in 2022 to prison
- View report »
Crime: 2010s, 2020s,
- Places lived: Idaho,
- Crime state: Idaho,




-
- Daniel Willard (1988 – ) was a Mormon church member in St. Charles, Missouri; pleaded guilty to Possession Of Child Pornography and Furnish Pornographic Material Or Attempt To Furnish To A Minor; registered sex offender
- View report »
Was Primary,
Convicted, Plea deal, Pleaded guilty, Unknown result,
-
- Byron Wiscombe (1977 – ) was an LDS bishopric counselor and Ammon, Idaho city councilman; signed a plea agreement indicating he would admit to committing lewd conduct with a minor; sentenced to prison in 2023
- View report »
Crime: 2010s, 2020s,
- Places lived: Idaho,
- Crime state: Idaho,




-
- LaVar Withers (1936 – 2005) was a Mormon and physician in Rexburg, Idaho; accused of sexually abusing at least 133 women and children as young as 13 years old over a period of 30 or more years; admitted to sexual abuse; in 1996, pleaded guilty to misdemeanor battery; sentenced to 30 to 60 days in jail and two years probation; the Mormon church placed him on probation and took his temple recommend; died in 2005
- View report »
Crime: 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s,
- Places lived: Idaho, Rexburg (Idaho),
- Crime state: Idaho,
- Crime city: ID - Rexburg,



-
- Stephen Wold (1988 – ) was a Mormon church member and former full-time missionary (to Panama) who lived in Highland, Utah; convicted in 2017 of first-degree felony aggravated sexual abuse of a 10-year-old girl and sentenced to 15 years to life in prison
- View report »
Crime: 2010s,
- Places lived: Panama, Utah,
- Crime state: Utah,



-
- Lamar Woodbury (1954 – ) was a Mormon church member; pleaded guilty of sexual abuse on a child under the age of 14, a second degree felony
- View report »
Was Unknown position,
Convicted, Plea deal, Pleaded guilty,
-
- Kenne Worthen (1988 – ) was a Mormon elementary school teacher and BYU-Idaho adjunct professor in Arizona who sexually abused a 12-year-old child; in 2015, pleaded guilty to sexual conduct with a minor and two counts of attempt to commit child molestation; sentenced to 25 years in prison and a lifetime of probation after
- View report »
Convicted: 2015,
Was BYU, Scout leader,
Convicted, Plea deal, Pleaded guilty, Prison, Probation,
-
- Harvey Wright (1945 – ) was an LDS church member and scout leader in Flagstaff, AZ; in 1988, pleaded guilty to "Attempted Sexual Abuse/Dangerous Crimes Against Children" and was sentenced to 90 days in jail and four years probation; placed in the BSA Confidential Files ("Perversion Files")
- View report »
Crime: 1980s,
- Places lived: Arizona,
- Crime state: Arizona,


-
- Stephen Young (1951 – ) was an LDS church member and police officer in Idaho; allegedly abused 20 babies over a 30-year period; pleaded guilty in 2010 to lewd conduct with a child under 16; sentenced to 25 years in prison
- View report »
Crime: 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s,
- Places lived: Idaho,
- Crime state: Idaho,




-
- Laron Zaugg (1967 – ) was a Mormon church member in Utah; went on an LDS mission to Vienna, Austria in 1986; in 2017, sentenced to 15 years in federal prison for receiving child sexual abuse material (CSAM), and sentenced in Utah to three years to life in prison for first-degree felony attempted sodomy on a child; as of 2025, in federal prison in Colorado (release date 2028)
- View report »
Crime: 2010s,
- Places lived: Utah,
- Crime state: Utah,



-
- Scott Zaugg (1970 – ) was allegedly a Mormon church member in Utah; was raised in the Mormon church; convicted in 2000 of second-degree felony sex abuse of a child; was sentenced to one to 15 years in prison; as of 2025, was a registered sex offender living in Roy, Utah
- View report »
Convicted: 2000,
Was Unknown position,
Convicted, Plea deal, Pleaded guilty, Prison, Registered sex offender, Released,
-
- Jeffrey Zaugg was allegedly a Mormon church member in Utah; was raised in the Mormon church; convicted in 1995 of first-degree felony sodomy on a child; was sentenced to 10 years to life in prison; as of 2025, was out on parole (Utah offender #73345)
- View report »
Convicted: 1995,
Was Unknown position,
Convicted, Parole, Plea deal, Pleaded guilty, Prison, Registered sex offender,
Filters
Select one or more criteria from the dropdown menus below to refine results.